Strategie de opțiune tactilă
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Main article: Resistive touchscreen A resistive touchscreen panel comprises several thin layers, the most important of which are two transparent electrically resistive layers facing each other with a thin gap between.
The top layer that which is touched has a coating on the underside surface; just beneath it is a similar resistive layer on top of its substrate. One layer has conductive connections along its sides, the other along top and bottom.
A voltage is applied to one layer and sensed by the other. When an object, such as a fingertip or stylus tip, presses down onto the outer surface, the two layers touch to become connected at that point. By rapidly switching between each layer, the position of pressure on the screen can be detected.
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Resistive touch is used in restaurants, factories and strategie de opțiune tactilă due to its high tolerance for liquids and contaminants. A major benefit of resistive-touch technology is its low cost. Additionally, as only sufficient pressure is necessary for the touch to be sensed, they may be used with gloves on, or by using anything rigid as a finger substitute. Disadvantages include the need to press down, and a risk of damage by sharp objects. Resistive touchscreens also suffer from poorer contrast, due to having additional reflections i.
When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. The change in ultrasonic waves is processed by the controller to determine the position of the touch event. Surface acoustic wave touchscreen panels can be damaged by outside elements. Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touchscreen.
Capacitive[ edit ] Capacitive touchscreen of a mobile phone The Casio TC Capacitive touch sensor watch fromwith angled light exposing the touch sensor pads and traces etched onto the top watch glass strategie de opțiune tactilă. Main article: Capacitive sensing A capacitive touchscreen panel consists of an insulatorsuch as glasscoated with a transparent conductorsuch as indium tin oxide ITO.
Different technologies may be used to determine the location of the touch.
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The location is then sent to the controller for processing. Touchscreens that use silver instead of ITO exist, as ITO causes several environmental problems due to the use of indium.
This disadvantage especially affects usability in consumer electronics, such as touch tablet PCs and capacitive smartphones in cold weather when people may be wearing gloves.
It can be overcome with a special capacitive stylus, or a special-application glove with an embroidered patch of conductive thread allowing electrical contact with the user's fingertip. A low-quality switching-mode power supply unit with an accordingly unstable, noisy voltage may temporarily interfere with the precision, accuracy and sensitivity of capacitive touch screens.
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Those for mobile strategie de opțiune tactilă are now being produced with 'in-cell' technology, such as in Samsung's Super AMOLED screens, that eliminates a layer by building the capacitors inside the display itself. This type of touchscreen reduces the visible distance between the user's finger and what the user is touching on the screen, reducing the thickness and weight of the display, which is desirable in smartphones.
A simple parallel-plate capacitor has two conductors separated by a dielectric layer. Most of the energy in this system is concentrated directly between the plates. Some of the energy spills over into the area outside the plates, and the electric field lines associated with this effect are called fringing fields. Part of the challenge of making a practical capacitive sensor is to design a set of printed circuit traces which direct fringing fields into an active sensing area accessible to a user.
A parallel-plate capacitor is not a good choice for such a sensor pattern. Placing a finger near fringing electric fields adds conductive surface area to the capacitive system. The additional charge storage capacity added by the finger is known as finger capacitance, or CF. The capacitance of the sensor without a finger present is known as parasitic capacitance, or CP. Surface capacitance[ edit ] In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a conductive layer.
A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform electrostatic field.
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When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor's controller can determine the location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the four corners of the panel. As it has no moving parts, it is moderately durable but has limited resolution, is prone to false signals from parasitic capacitive couplingand needs calibration during manufacture. It is therefore most often used in simple applications such as industrial controls and kiosks.
This limits applications to those where the finger directly touches the sensing element or strategie de opțiune tactilă sensed through a relatively thin non-conductive surface. Projected capacitance[ edit ] Back side of a Multitouch Globe, based on projected capacitive touch PCT technology 8 x 8 projected capacitance touchscreen manufactured using 25 micron insulation coated copper wire embedded in a clear polyester film.
Schema of projected-capacitive touchscreen Projected capacitive touch PCT; also PCAP technology is a variant of capacitive touch technology but where sensitivity to touch, accuracy, resolution and speed of touch have been greatly improved by the use of a simple form of "Artificial Intelligence".
This intelligent processing enables finger sensing to be projected, accurately and reliably, through very thick glass and even double glazing.
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However, the number g care face bani cross-over points can be almost doubled by using a diagonal lattice layout, where, instead strategie de opțiune tactilă x elements only ever crossing y elements, each conductive element crosses every other element.
In some designs, voltage applied to this grid creates a uniform electrostatic field, which can be measured. When a conductive object, such as a finger, comes into contact with a PCT panel, it distorts the local electrostatic field at that point.
This is measurable as a change in capacitance. If a finger bridges the gap between two of the "tracks", the charge field is further interrupted and detected by strategie de opțiune tactilă controller. The capacitance can be changed and measured at every individual point on the grid. This system is able to accurately track touches. Unlike traditional capacitive touch technology, it is possible for a PCT system to sense a passive stylus or gloved finger.
However, moisture on the surface of the panel, high humidity, or collected dust can interfere with performance. These environmental factors, however, are not a problem with 'fine wire' based touchscreens due to the fact that wire based touchscreens have a much lower 'parasitic' capacitance, and there is greater distance between neighbouring conductors. There are two types of PCT: mutual capacitance and self-capacitance.
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Mutual capacitance[ edit ] This is a common PCT approach, which makes use of the fact that most conductive objects are able to hold a charge if they are very close together. In mutual capacitive sensors, a capacitor is inherently formed by the row trace and column trace at each intersection of the grid.
A 16×14 array, for example, would have independent capacitors. A voltage is applied to the rows or columns. Bringing a finger or conductive stylus close to the surface of the sensor changes the local electrostatic field, which in turn reduces the mutual capacitance.
The capacitance change at every individual point on the grid can be measured to accurately determine the touch location by measuring the voltage in the other axis.
Mutual capacitance allows multi-touch operation where multiple fingers, palms or styli can be accurately tracked at the same time. Self-capacitance[ edit ] Self-capacitance sensors can have the same X-Y grid as mutual capacitance sensors, but the columns and rows operate independently.
With self-capacitance, the capacitive load of a finger is measured on each column or row electrode by a current meter, or the change in frequency of an RC oscillator. This allows for the speedy and accurate detection of a single finger, but it causes some ambiguity if more than one finger is to be detected. However, by selectively de-sensitizing any touch-points in contention, conflicting results are easily eliminated.
Alternatively, ambiguity can be avoided by applying a "de-sensitizing" signal to all but one of the columns. By selecting a sequence of these sections along the row, it is possible to determine the accurate position of multiple fingers along that row.
This process can then be repeated for all the other rows until the whole screen has been scanned. Self capacitance is far more sensitive than mutual capacitance and is mainly used for single touch, simple gesturing and proximity sensing where the finger does not even have to touch the glass surface. Mutual capacitance is mainly used for multitouch strategie de opțiune tactilă.
The cost of this technology has fallen greatly in recent years and capacitive styli are now widely available for a nominal charge, and often given away free with mobile accessories. These consist of an electrically conductive shaft with a soft conductive rubber tip, thereby resistively strategie de opțiune tactilă the fingers to the tip of the stylus.
Infrared grid[ edit ] Infrared sensors mounted around the display watch for a user's touchscreen input on this PLATO V terminal in The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated. An infrared touchscreen uses an array of X-Y infrared LED and photodetector pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams.
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These LED beams cross each other in vertical and horizontal patterns. This helps the sensors pick up the exact location of the touch.
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A major benefit of such a system is that it can detect essentially any opaque object including a finger, gloved finger, stylus or pen. It is generally used in outdoor applications and POS systems that cannot rely on a conductor such as a bare finger to activate the touchscreen.
Unlike capacitive touchscreensinfrared touchscreens do not require any patterning on the glass which increases durability and optical clarity of the overall system. Infrared touchscreens are sensitive to dirt and dust that can interfere with the infrared beams, and suffer from parallax in curved surfaces and accidental press when the user hovers a finger over the screen while searching for the item to be selected. Infrared acrylic projection[ edit ] A translucent acrylic sheet is used as a rear-projection screen to display information.
The edges of the acrylic sheet are illuminated by infrared LEDs, and infrared cameras are focused on the back of the sheet. Objects placed on the sheet are detectable by the cameras.
When the sheet is touched by the user, the deformation results in leakage of infrared light which peaks at the points of maximum pressure, indicating the user's touch location. Microsoft's PixelSense tablets use this technology. Optical imaging[ edit ] Optical touchscreens are a relatively modern development in touchscreen technology, in which two or more image sensors such as CMOS sensors are placed around the edges mostly the corners of the screen.
A touch blocks some lights from the sensors, and the location and size of the touching object can be calculated see visual hull. This technology is growing in popularity due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability for larger touchscreens.
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Dispersive signal technology[ edit ] Introduced in by 3Mthis system detects a touch by using sensors to measure the piezoelectricity in the glass.
